White peach scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni), is believed to have originated in Japan or China, although one report places the point of origin in Italy where is was first described in 1886 by Targioni. This insect is an important economic pest of peach trees as well as woody ornamentals in the southeastern United States. In the early part of this century, white peach scale destroyed numerous peach orchards in Florida and completely decimated a grove of 10,000 peach trees in south Georgia.
White peach scale is found not only in the United States, but is known throughout the world. In other areas it is known by a variety of common names including white scale and West Indian peach scale. In Bermuda, this pest is known as oleander scale because of the massive damage it caused to oleander plants in 1920. In the United States, it is found primarily in the southeast, although it has been reported as far west as Texas and in northern states up to Maine.
Eggs. Eggs are deposited on the surface of the host plant. They range in color from orange to white indicating female and male offspring respectively. Eggs of an intermediate color may also be evident which can produce offspring of either sex.
Larvae. The larvae will hatch from the egg case within approximately three to four days after being laid. The young crawlers will soon settle on an area of the host plant and insert their stylets into the plant to begin feeding. The larvae will undergo two to five molts, depending on their sex.
Adult female. The adult female scale is immobile on the host plant. She is covered with a protective shell which is created by incorporating the cast skins from her previous molts with newly secreted wax from her body glands. She may also gather pieces of bark from the host plant to add to her shell which then serves as protective camouflage. The appearance of the female is dull white to yellowish in color, oval in shape, with an overall length measuring between 2.0 to 2.5 mm.
Adult male. Males of the white peach scale begin building their armor after their second molt and their covering appears as a long white to yellowish colored shell. The males will molt three more times, eventually emerging as an orange colored adult and living only for a period of approximately 24 hours. Unlike females of this species, adult males possess wings in order to be mobile for mate location. The adult male body length is approximately 0.7 mm with a 1.4 mm wingspan.
The life cycle of the white peach scale depends upon the climate in which it resides. In northern states, such as Pennsylvania, there may only two generations each year. In the southern states of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, there are as many as four generations per year.
The adult females of the white peach scale begin laying eggs approximately two weeks after mating and will continue to lay eggs for eight or nine more days. After the female has finished the oviposition or egg-laying process she will soon die. An interesting phenomenon of the egg laying process is that the eggs which are deposited first are orange in color and will become female offspring, while the eggs that are laid later are white and will give rise to male offspring. The average number of eggs produced by each female will vary due to several factors, but is primarily influenced by the species of the host plant that is being infested. In Georgia, it was reported that female scales laid an average of 100 eggs when peach trees served as the host plant, while in Florida, an average of 80 eggs were laid on potato plants. The eggs hatch three to four days after being deposited and young crawlers emerge.
The male offspring have a tendency to stay near the scaly covering of their mother, sometimes sheltering under her armor. Generally, the females will wander further away from the mother which serves to distribute the scale infestation throughout the host plant. The young scales will move about the host plant for up to 12 hours and then settle down to begin feeding. Female white peach scales will undergo two molts before reaching sexual maturity as adults. Males will undergo five molts before reaching adulthood. Once mature, however, the males will live for only one day. To facilitate the mating process, females will release sex pheromone timed to the eclosion of the males. The males are then attracted to the pheromone and are capable of mating with several different females in a short period of time.
The white peach scale inhabits up to 121 host plants in Florida and can cause
major economic damage. Some of the host plants that have been identified are
privet, mulberry, paper mulberry, catalpa, and chinaberry. Thousands of dollars
are spent each year on the control of this pest as infestation can become
significant. The white peach scale will infest the bark, fruit and leaves of
plants, thus making it a "triple threat" to growers.
Predators. In Florida, several predators were found to prey on white peach scale. Primarily, these species were ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccindellidae), and common lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Gall midges, (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were also found to attack white peach scale.
Chemical. Management of the white peach scale is difficult as the scales protect themselves very effectively with their hard, waxy armor. Control methods are often best directed at the larval or crawler stages which are the most vulnerable. Traditional methods of control have included various insecticidal oils as well as a number of other pesticides. As insecticide recommendations and regulations are updated yearly, it is advisable to consult a local Cooperative Extension Service office or a pesticide reference guide for current information on control methods for this pest.
Florida
Insect Management Guide for ornamentals
Florida Insect Management Guide for fruit
Author: Deanna Branscome, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
Photograph by: James Castner, University of Florida
Project Coordinator: Thomas R. Fasulo, University of Florida
Publication Number: EENY-76
Publication Date: February 1999. Latest revision: May 2007.
Copyright 1999-2007 University of Florida
Featured Creatures
Department of Entomology and Nematology
Division of Plant Industry
Electronic Data Information Source
adults and immatures